Smallholder irrigation by individuals or small farmer groups along peri-urban streams, in inland valleys, around small reservoirs or wells, using smaller schemes or just watering cans.; Schemes under local responsibility, controlled and operated by local people in response to their perceived needs. In many areas with potential, farmers have attempted to enhance food production by introducing some form of irrigation, e.g. small earth dams, simple diversion structures and self-made conveyance canals, water harvesting, shallow groundwater abstraction. These schemes are often ad-hoc and therefore not included in irrigated area. Also called initiated smallholder schemes.